You can dump Hadoop config by running:
$ hadoop org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration
You can use GenericOptionsParser to load Hadoop's setting to Configuration-typed object and iterate its properties. Here is an example demonstrating this approach through a utility class (Configured).
public class ConfigPrinter extends Configured implements Tool {
    static {
        // by default core-site.xml is already added
        // loading "hdfs-site.xml" from classpath
        Configuration.addDefaultResource("hdfs-site.xml");
        Configuration.addDefaultResource("mapred-site.xml");
    }
    @Override
    public int run(String[] strings) throws Exception {
        Configuration config =  this.getConf();
        for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : config) {
            System.out.println(entry.getKey() + " = " + entry.getValue());
        }
        return 0;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        ToolRunner.run(new ConfigPrinter(), args);
    }
}
I hope this answer helps :)